This memorial, to the many notable figures in the history of Bulgaria, is said to be the heaviest communist monument on Earth. It might also depict the most history of any communist monument, as it was built in 1981 to commemorate the 1,300th anniversary of the First Bulgarian state.
Designed by Krum Damyanov and Ivan Slavov, and sitting atop the Ilchov Bair hill above Shumen, it can be seen from over 30 kilometers away. However, its towering exterior hides the complex's most interesting features: historical figures from Bulgaria's history depicted in abstract exposed concrete.
The lion sitting atop the monument is a symbol of strength, courage, and national pride. It holds a special place in Bulgarian heraldry and folklore, representing the Bulgarian people's aspiration for freedom and self-determination in the face of Ottoman rule.
Khan Asparuh is considered to be the founder of the First Bulgarian Empire in 681 AD. He is said to have stuck his sword into the ground and pronounced, "This shall be Bulgaria." He is joined by a horse and a running dog, a totem and sacrificial animal, protector of the Khan.
Khan Tervel (right), also known as Terval or Terbelis, ruled from 700 to 721 AD and is famous for being the first Bulgarian diplomat. In 705, he helped the Byzantine Emperor regain his throne, for which he was given the title of Kesar (Caesar). He is depicted gesticulating while speaking, representing his belief that all conflicts should be resolved by diplomacy and peace.
Khan Krum (left) ruled from 803 to 814 AD and is famous for being a strategist and lawmaker. He is also remembered for his military prowess and for commanding, "From here to here (Bulgaria) – every step outside those borders is not allowed and you will be punished."
Khan Omurtag (center), the son of Krum, ruled from 814 to 831 AD and is famous for being a builder and philosopher. His reign is noted for consolidation and administrative reforms. During his rule, it was a peaceful time for his people, as he signed a 30-year peace agreement with the Byzantine Empire.
Prince Boris I, also known as Boris-Michael, ruled from 852 to 889 AD. His reign marked a turning point for the First Bulgarian Empire, particularly in terms of religion, culture, and politics. He christened the Bulgarian people and is depicted hunched forward, trying to find the right path for the country.
The Golden Age of Simeon the Great (left) refers to the period of cultural, political, and military flourishing in the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I. He ruled from 893 to 927 AD and is celebrated as one of Bulgaria's most significant and successful rulers. During his reign, Bulgaria's teritory bordered three seas: the Black, the Aegean, and the Adriatic. He is joined (right) by scribes, boyars, and brave warriors.
This mosaic of the victor depicts the founder Khan Asparuh and his warriors celebrating their victory. The mosaic is made from stones and cobalt glass in shades of gold, silver, and red.
In addition to the victory mosaic, other panels depict the Christening of the Bulgarian people and the enlightened mission of Cyril, Methodius, and their students, who laid the foundation for the first Golden Age in Bulgaria.
